EUF Vol. 1 No. 1

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include repeat resection), and surveillance was carried out
according to national guidelines At the censor date, the
mean follow-up was 106 mo (IQR 22.0–212.8 mo) and
1109 patients (75%) had died. The cause of death was known
for 983 patients (89% of deaths; ).
3.2. Pathological features
There was a significant association between tumour stage
and death from UBC (p < 0.005, ). While most patients
with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) died from the
disease, the majority of patients with non– muscle-invasive
bladder cancer died from other causes ); notably,
> 10% of patients originally presenting with pTa tumours
and >27% of patients originally presenting with pT1
tumours subsequently died from UBC.
3.3. Gender
There was no difference in grade at presentation between the
genders (p = 0.16). However, females presented more com-
monly with MIBC (30% vs 26% for males) and less frequently
with pT1 disease (18% vs 24% for males; p = 0.06, ).
Females had a longer total delay time than males (median
120 d vs 106 d; p = 0.02; . The majority of this
delay arose before hospital referral ; a significantly
higher proportion of female patients with visible haematuria
encountered a longer delay in time 1 than equivalent male
patients (p < 0.05, .
Table 1 – Overall patient and tumour characteristics (where
recorded)
Variable n (%)
Gender (1478 responses, 100%)
Male 1097 (74)
Female 381 (26)
Haematuria at presentation (1171 responses, 79%)
Visible 1021 (87)
Nonvisible 67 (6)
None 83 (7)
Age (1478 responses, 100%)
<60 yr 315 (21)
61-70 yr 478 (32)
71-80 yr 495 (33)
>80 yr 190 (13)
Smoking history (1260 responses, 85%)
Current smoker 330 (26)
Previous smoker 643 (51)
Never smoked 287 (23)
Occupational exposure (1240 responses, 84%)
Known or suspected increased relative risk 330 (27)
No increased relative risk 910 (73)
Tumour type (1404 responses, 95%)
Papillary 903 (64)
Solid 246 (18)
Mixed 255 (18)
Tumour number (1392 responses, 94%)
Single 1042 (75)
Two or more 350 (25)
Tumour size (1366 responses, 92%)
2 cm 552 (40)
>2 cm 814 (60)
Tumour stage (1300 responses, 88%)
pTa 658 (51)
pT1 291 (22)
T2–T4 351 (27)
Grade (1347 responses, 91%)
Well differentiated (G1) 475 (35)
Moderate differentiation (G2) 513 (38)
Poor differentiation and anaplastic (G3) 359 (27)
Table 2 – Certified causes of death by tumour stage for the 983 patients for whom both tumour stage and cause of death were known
Cause pTa, n (%) pT1, n (%) T2–T4, n (%) Total
G1 G2 G3 Unknown All grades G1 G2 G3 Unknown All grades All grades
Bladder cancer 31 (12) 30 (19) 5 (36) 1 (09) 67 (15) 11 (38) 39 (34) 24 (35) 5 (42) 79 (35) 219 (69) 365
Other cancer 65 (25) 31 (20) 2 (14) 2 (18) 100 (23) 5 (17) 12 (11) 10 (14) 2 (17) 29 (13) 24 (8) 153
Other causes 165 (63) 94 (61) 7 (50) 8 (73) 274 (62) 13 (45) 63 (55) 35 (51) 5 (42) 116 (52) 75 (24) 465
Total 261 155 14 11 441 29 114 69 12 224 318 983
G1 = well differentiated; G2 = moderate differentiation; G3 = poor differentiation and anaplastic.
a Rounded proportions may sum to more than 100%.
Table 3 – Gender-specific characteristics of patients in the cohort
Males Females p value
Patients (%) 74 26 <0.001
Haematuria at presentation (%)
Visible 87 89 0.673
Nonvisible 6 5
None 7 6
Grade (%)
G1 34 39 0.157
G2 39 35
G3 27 26
Stage (%)
Ta 50 52 0.060
T1 24 18
T2–4 26 30
Median delay time 1 (d) 14 23 0.101
Delay time 1 14 d (%) 51 46
Delay time 1 >14 d (%) 49 54
Median delay time 2 (d) 27 29 0.498
Delay time 2 28 d (%) 52 50
Delay time 2 >28 d (%) 48 50
Median delay time 3 (d) 22 18 0.152
Delay time 3 20 d (%) 48 52
Delay time 3 >20 d (%) 52 48
Median hospital delay (d) 68 68 0.848
Hospital delay 68 d (%) 51 51
Hospital delay >68 d (%) 49 49
Median total delay (d) 106 120 0.024
Total delay 110 d (%) 52 45
Total delay >110 d (%) 48 55
History of smoking 84 55 <0.001
History of occupational exposure 31 14 <0.001
E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y F O C U S 1 ( 2 0 1 5) 8 2 – 8 9 84