24 96
Table 3 – Selected studies reporting associations of smoking and outcomes of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy
Outcomes
Study and patient characteristics
Disease recurrence
Cancer-specific mortality
Any-cause mortality
Study
Years
Sample
size
(
n
)
Mean or
median age
(years)
Pathological
stage
(%)
Pathological
grade
(%)
Additional
intervention
(%)
Mean or median
follow-up
(months)
Smoking
status
Smoking
exposure
Smoking
status
Smoking
exposure
Smoking
status
Smoking
exposure
Thrasher et al. (1994) 1969-1990 531
64.5
Ta 5.8;
Tis 4.3;
T1 31.3;
T2 40.1;
T3 7.0;
T4 11.5
G1/G2 12.4;
G3 42.2;
G4 45.4
Neoadj NR;
Adj NR
126
-
-
p
=0.85
*-
-
-
Boorjian et al. (2011)
1980-2000 1506
68
T0-T1 30.0;
T2 37.7;
T3/T4 32.3
NR
Neoadj/
adj 11.0
162
HR=0.97,
p
=0.87
*-
-
-
-
-
Yafi et al. (2011)
1998-2008 2287
68
T0-T2 50.7;
T3/T4 49.3
LG 10.1;
HG 89.9
Neoadj 3.4;
Adj 17.5
29.3
p
=0.006
*-
HR=1.30
,
p
=0.046
*-
HR=1.31
,
p
=0.02
*-
Bostro¨m et al. (2012)
1986-2008 546
66
T0-T1 39.4;
T2 21.2;
T3 28.2;
T4 11.2
NR
Neoadj NR;
Adj NR
50
-
-
HR=1.1,
p
=0.41
y
-
HR=1.3,
p
=0.10
y
-
Lee et al. (2012)
1989-2008 602
62.2
T0-T2 56.8;
T3/T4 43.2
G1/G2 15.6;
G3 84.4
Neoadj 0.0;
Adj NR
56.0
HR=0.93,
p
=0.65;
z
HR=0.91,
p
=0.61
§HR=0.86,
p
=0.47
kHR=1.21,
p
=0.27;
z
HR=0.94,
p
=0.73
§HR=0.95,
p
=0.83
kHR=1.01;
p
=0.93
y
-
Baumann et al. (2013) 1990-2008 442
67.0
T0 7.9;
Ta 2.3;
Tis 15.4;
T1 8.1;
T2 18.8;
T3 31.7;
T4 15.8
NR
Neoadj 8.8;
Adj 24.0
26.4
HR=0.89,
p
=0.65
*-
-
-
-
-
Rink et al. (2013)
2000-2008 1506
66.4
T0 5.2;
Ta 4.1;
Tis 11.2;
T1 11.3;
T2 26.6;
T3 30.5;
T4 11.2
None 5.2;
LG 1.9;
HG 92.9
Neoadj 0.0;
Adj 21.4
34.3
HR=1.26
(0.96-1.66);
HR=1.47
(1.12-1.94)
**HR=1.54
(1.08-2.19)
;
yy
HR=1.70
(1.23-2.36)
;
zz
HR=2.22
(1.62-3.02)
§§HR=1.22
(0.91-1.63);
HR=1.41
(1.04-1.90)
**HR=1.55
(1.04-2.32)
;
yy
HR=1.53
(1.04-2.24)
;
zz
HR=2.07
(1.44-2.99)
§§HR=1.13
(0.89-1.44);
HR=1.25
(0.97-1.60)
**HR=1.23
(0.90-1.69);
yy
HR=1.36
(1.01-1.83)
;
zz
HR=1.51
(1.13-2.01)
§§Kim et al. (2014)
1990-2011 139
65
T0 17.3;
Tis 15.8;
T1 7.9;
T2 12.2;
T3 41.0;
T4 5.8
NR
Neoadj 100;
Adj 0.0
46
p
=0.6
kkp
=0.11;
p
=0.2
***p
=0.9
kkp
=0.4;
p
=0.4
***G1=grade 1; G2=grade 2; G3=grade 3; G4=grade 4; neoadj=neoadjuvant chemotherapy; NR=not reported; adj=adjuvant chemotherapy; HR=hazard ratio; LG=low grade; HG=high grade.
Bold
: statistically significant relationship.
*
Smokers vs. non-smokers.
y
Non-smokers vs. smokers.
z
Never vs. former smokers.
§
Never vs. current smokers.
k
Never smokers vs. 40 pack-years; also significant for never smokers vs.
<
10,
<
20,
<
30, and
<
40 pack-years.
Former vs. never smokers.
**
Current vs. never smokers.
yy
Heavy short-term (
>
20 cigarettes per day for 20 years) vs. light short-term ( 20 cigarettes per day for 20 years) smokers.
zz
Light long-term ( 20 cigarettes per day for
>
20 years) vs. light short-term smokers.
§§
Heavy long-term (
>
20 cigarettes per day for
>
20 years) vs. light short-term smokers.
kk
Current vs. former vs. never smokers.
Number of packs per day.
***
Number of pack-years.
E U R O P E A N
U R O L O G Y
F O C U S
1
( 2 0 1 5
)
1 7 – 2 7
24