49 96
Critical
revision
of
the
manuscript
for
important
intellectual
content:
Fischer,
Brandt.
Statistical
analysis:
None.
Obtaining
funding:
None.
Administrative,
technical,
or material
support:
None.
Supervision:
Fischer.
Other
(specify): None.
Financial
disclosures:
Laura Brandt
certifies
that
all
conflicts
of
interest,
including
specific
financial
interests
and
relationships
and
affiliations
relevant
to
the
subject matter
or materials discussed
in
the manuscript
(eg, employment/affiliation, grants or
funding,
consultancies, honoraria,
stock ownership or options, expert
testimony,
royalties, or patents filed,
received,
or
pending),
are
the
following: None.
Funding/Support
and
role
of
the
sponsor:
None.
References
[1]
Koob GF. Neurobiology of addiction. FOCUS 2011;9:55–65.
[2]
Quitting smoking among adults—United States, 2001–2010. MMWR
2011;60:1513–9.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ mm6044a2.htm?s_cid=%20mm6044a2.htm_w.
Accessed
October
13, 2014.
[3]
Hughes J, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction 2004;99:29–38.
[4]
Heyman G. Addiction and choice: theory and new data. Front Psychiatry 2013;4:1–5.[5]
Lopez-Quintero C, Hasin D, de los Cobos J, et al. Probability and predictors of remission from life-time nicotine, alcohol, cannabis or cocaine dependence: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Addiction 2011;106: 657–69.
[6]
Best practice
in drug
interventions, European Monitoring Centre
for
Drugs
and
Drug
Addiction Web
site.
http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/best-practice/treatment.
Accessed October
13,
2014.
[7]
Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11:CD000146.
[8]
Cahill K, Stead L, Lancaster T. A preliminary benefit-risk assessment of varenicline in smoking cessation. Drug Safety 2009;32: 119–35.
[9]
Aubin HJ, Karila L, Reynaud M. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: present and future. Curr Pharm Des 2011;17:1343–50.
[10]
Hughes JR, Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD000031.[11]
Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, et al. Varenicline, an a 4 b 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-re- lease bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:47–55.[12]
Reda AA, Kotz D, Evers SM, van Schayck CP. Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD004305.[13]
Verbiest ME, Chavannes NH, Crone MR, et al. An increase in primary care prescriptions of stop-smoking medication as a result of health insurance coverage in the Netherlands: population based study. Addiction 2013;108:2183–92.[14]
Kaper J, Wagena EJ, Willemsen MC, Van Schayck CP. Reimburse- ment for smoking cessation treatment may double the abstinence rate: results of a randomized trial. Addiction 2005;100: 1012–20.
[15]
Metz VE, Brandt L, Unger A, Fischer G. Substance abuse/depen- dence treatment: a European perspective. Subst Abus 2014;35: 309–20.
[16]
Dutra L, Stathopoulou G, Basden S, Leyro T, Powers M, Otto M. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:179–87.
[17]
Krishnan-Sarin S, Duhig AM, McKee SA, et al. Contingency man- agement for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;14:306–10.[18]
Lumley J, Chamberlain C, Dowswell T, Oliver S, Oakley L, Watson L. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD001055.[19]
Higgins ST, Washio Y, Heil SH, et al. Financial incentives for smok- ing cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum women. Prev Med 2012;55(Suppl):S33–40.[20]
Heil SH, Higgins ST, Bernstein IM, et al. Effects of voucher-based incentives on abstinence from cigarette smoking and fetal growth among pregnant women. Addiction 2008;103:1009–18.[21]
Lai DCT, Cahill K, Qin Y, Tang JL. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD006936.
[22]
Stead LF, Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD001007.[23]
Koopmann A, Dinter C, Grosshans M, et al. Psychological and hormonal features of smokers at risk to gain weight after smoking cessation—results of a multicenter study. Horm Behav 2011;60: 58–64.[24]
Asthana A, Smith S, Piper M, Baker T, Fiore M, Stein J. Smoking cessation and the risks of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose: three year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013:61.[25]
Kolsgaard ML, Joner G, Brunborg C, Anderssen SA, Tonstad S, Andersen LF. Reduction in BMI z-score and improvement in car- diometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. The Oslo Adiposity Intervention Study-a hospital/public health nurse combined treatment. BMC Pediatrics 2011;11:47–55.[26]
Danielsen KK, Svendsen M, Mæhlum S, Sundgot-Borgen J. Changes in body composition, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and eating behavior after an intensive lifestyle intervention with high volume of physical activity in severely obese subjects: a prospective clinical controlled trial. J Obes 2013:325464.[27]
Grant B, Hasin D, Chou S, Stinson F, Dawson D. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1107–15.
[28]
Fu S, McFall M, Saxon A, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:1071–84.
[29]
Lasser K, Boyd J, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein D, McCormick D, Bor D. Smoking and mental illness. JAMA 2007;284:2606–10.[30]
Van Voorhees E, Mitchell J, McClernon F, Beckham J, Kollins S. Sex, ADHD symptoms, and smoking outcomes: an integrative model. Med Hypotheses 2012;78:585–93.[31]
Kim S, Han D, Joo S, Min K. The effect of dopamine partial agonists on the nicotine dependency in patients with schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25:187–90.[32]
Su A, Buttenheim A. Maintenance of smoking cessation in the postpartum period: which interventions work best in the long- term? Matern Child Health J 2014;18:714–28.[33]
Shaw E, Levitt C, Wong S, Kaczorowski J. Systematic review of the literature on postpartum care: effectiveness of postpartum support to improve maternal parenting, mental health, quality of life, and physical health. Birth 2006;33:210–20.[34]
Zhou X, Nonnemaker J, Sherrill B, et al. Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study. Addict Behav 2009;34:365–73.[35]
Hyland A, Borland R, Li Q, et al. Individual-level predictors of cessation behaviours among participants in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control 2006;15(Suppl 3):83–94.[36]
Nutt D, King L, Phillips L. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet 2010;276:1558–65.E U R O P E A N
U R O L O G Y
F O C U S
1
( 2 0 1 5
)
4 7 – 4 9
49