EUF Vol. 1 No. 1

31 96

Table 1 – Characteristics of studies evaluating the association between smoking and prostate cancer published in the last 10 yr
Study Study name
(or description);
country, recruitment
period
Study
design,
outcome
Last FU
(F r)
Total no. men;
cases
Smoking
categor
No. of
case
RR (95% CI
Visvanathan et al,
2004
Campaign Against
Cancer and Stroke
(CLUE II); USA, 1989
Nested CCS,
incidence
1996 (NR) 10 178; 164 (324) Never-smoker
Ever
Current
63
101
14
Referent
0.99 (0.63–1.36)
0.82 (0.39–1.71)
Hultdin et al,
2005
Northern Sweden
Health and Disease
Cohort; Sweden,
1985–1999
Nested CCS,
incidence
NR (4.9) 37 776; 254 (514) Never-smoker
Ever
Current
115
124
45
Referent
1.08 (0.79–1.48)d
0.93 (0.61–1.41)d
Baglietto et al,
2006
Melbourne
Collaborative Cohort
Study; Australia,
1990–1994
Cohort,
incidence
2003 (10.3) 16 872; 732 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
291
430
76
Referent
0.94 (0.81–1.07) d
0.73 (0.56–0.94) d
Giovannucci et al,
2007
Health Professionals
Follow–up Study; USA,
1986
Cohort,
incidence
2002 (NR) 47 750; 3544 Never
Current/former
(quit 10yr)
NR
NR
Referent
0.98 (0.89–1.07)
Cohort,
mortality
2002 (NR) 47 750; 312 Never-smoker
Current/former
(quit 10yr)
NR
NR
Referent
1.41 (1.04–1.91)
Gonzalez et al,
2007
Vitamins and Lifestyle
(VITAL); USA,
2000–2002
Cohort,
incidence
2004 (3.3) 35 244; 832 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
303
516
62
Referent
0.92 (0.70–1.20)
0.94 (0.82–1.05)
Rohrmann et al,
2007
Private census;
Washington County,
Maryland, USA, 1963
Cohort,
incidence
1978 (NR) 26 810; 147 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
34
88
45
Referent
1.16 (0.84–1.60)
1.00 (0.63–1.59)
Cohort,
mortality
2000 (NR) 226 810; 240 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
56
161
104
Referent
0.97 (0.76–1.23)
0.93 (0.67–1.29)
USA, 1975 Cohort,
incidence
1994 (NR) 28 292; 351 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
94
213
85
Referent
1.01 (0.83–1.24)
0.98 (0.73–1.33)
Cohort,
mortality
2000 (NR) 28 292; 184 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
44
120
59
Referent
1.13 (0.85–1.49)
1.25 (0.84–1.87)
Smit et al, 2007 Puerto Rico Heart
Health Program; Puerto
Rico, 1965–1968
Cohort,
mortality
2005 (NR) 9777;167 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
51
116
43
Referent
1.16 (0.82–1.65)d
1.26 (0.82–1.94)d
Butler et al, 2009 Singapore Chinese
Health Study;
Singapore, 1993–1998
Cohort,
incidence
2006 (10.4) 27 293; 250 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
108
142
73
Referent
0.95 (0.74–1.16)
0.88 (0.65–1.19)
Watters et al,
2009
NIH–AARP; USA,
1995–1996
Cohort,
incidence
2003 (NR) 283 312; 16 640 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
5512
11 128
1446
Referent
0.89 (0.86–0.91)
0.85 (0.80–0.90)
Cohort,
mortality
2005 (NR) 283 312; 394 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
105
289
64
Referent
1.13 (0.93–1.34)
1.69 (1.25–2.27)
Batty et al, 2011 Whitehall I study; UK,
1967–1970
Cohort,
mortality
2007 (NR) 17 934; 551 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
123
428
203
Referent
1.03 (0.88–1.21)
1.14 (0.91–1.44)
Grundmark et al,
2011
Uppsala Longitudinal
Study of Adult Men
(ULSAM); Sweden,
1970–1974
Cohort,
incidence
2003 (26.5) 2045; 208 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
69
139
86
Referent
0.67 (0.50–0.83)
0.60 (0.44–0.83)
Geybels et al,
2012
Netherlands Cohort
Study; Netherlands,
1986
Cohort,
incidence
2003 (17.3) 58 279;3451 Never
Ever
Current
492
2957
1084
Referent
1.01 (0.88–1.13)
0.98 (0.82–1.18)
Karlsen et al,
2012
Danish Diet, Cancer and
Health Study; Denmark,
1993–1997
Cohort,
incidence
2000–2002
(NR)
20 914; 129 Nonsmoker
Current
81
48
Referent
1.00 (0.70–1.43)
Karppi et al, 2012 Kuopio Ischaemic Heart
Disease Risk Factor;
Finland, 1984–1989
Cohort,
incidence
2008 (15) 997; 68 Nonsmoker
Smoker
57
11
Referent
0.85 (0.76–0.95) d
Shafique et al,
2012
Collaborative study;
Scotland, 1970–1972
Cohort,
incidence
2007 (28) 6017; 318 Never
Ever
Current
68
250
136
Referent
1.08 (0.84–1.32)
0.93 (0.69–1.26)
Tseng, 2012 Taiwan Insurance;
Taiwan, 1995–1998
Cohort,
mortality
2006 (NR) 39 135; 105 Nonsmoker
Smoker
41
64
Referent
1.09 (0.82–1.46)
Bae et al, 2013 Seoul Male Cancer
Cohort Study; South
Korea, 1991–1992
Cohort,
incidence
2008 (NR) 14 450; 87 Never-smoker
Ever
Current
29
57
38
Referent
0.65 (0.40–0.90)
0.70 (0.43–1.13)
E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y F O C U S 1 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 2 8 – 3 8 31