15 96
electronic
cigarette
users
and
their
smoking
cessation
outcomes.
Cancer
2014;120:3527–35
.
[68]
Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, et al. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res 2014;16:1319–26.
[69]
Bertholon JF, Becquemin MH, Annesi-Maesano I, Dautzenberg B. Electronic cigarettes: a short review. Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis 2013;86:433–8.
[70]
Glynn TJ. E-cigarettes and the future of tobacco control. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:164–8.
[71]
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
[72]
Kontis V, Mathers CD, Rehm J, et al. Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25 25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. Lancet 2014;384:427–37.
[73]
Vineis P, Airoldi L, Veglia F, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of respiratory cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in former smokers and never smokers in the EPIC pro- spective study. BMJ 2005;330:277.
[74]
Jones IA, St Helen G, Meyers MJ, et al. Biomarkers of secondhand smoke exposure in automobiles. Tob Control 2014;23:51–7.
[75]
Sureda X, Ferna´ndez E, Lo´ pez MJ, Nebot M. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in open and semi-open settings: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121:766–73.
[76]
Wilson KM, Torok M, McMillen R, Tanski S, Klein JD, Winickoff JP. Tobacco smoke incursions in multiunit housing. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1445–53.
[77]
Christophi CA, Paisi M, Pampaka D, Kehagias M, Vardavas C, Connolly GN. The impact of the Cyprus comprehensive smoking ban on air quality and economic business of hospitality venues. BMC Public Health 2013;13:76.
[78]
Canadian
Cancer
Society.
Laws
banning
smoking
in
vehicles
car-
rying
children—international
overview.
Action
on
Smoking
and
Health
Web
site.
http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ ASH_909.pdf.
Accessed
September
22,
2014.
[79]
Kids, cars andcigarettes:a brief lookatpolicyoptions for smoke-free
vehicles.
Public
Health
Law
Center
Web
site.
http:// publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/phlc- guide-kidscarssmoke-policyoptions-2011.pdf.
Accessed
Septem-
ber 22,
2014.
[80]
Lancaster T, Stead L. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD000165.
[81]
MPOWER: offer help
to quit
tobacco use. World Health Organiza-
tion
Web
site.
www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/publica- tions/en_tfi_mpower_brochure_o.pdf?ua=1.
Accessed
September
8,
2014.
[82]
Free C, Phillips G, Galli L, et al. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease manage- ment interventions for health care consumers: a systematic re- view. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001362.
[83]
Zhu S-H, Anderson CM, Tedeschi GJ, et al. Evidence of real-world effectiveness of a telephone quitline for smokers. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1087–93.
[84]
Abroms LC, Lee Westmaas J, Bontemps-Jones J, Ramani R, Meller- son J. A content analysis of popular smartphone apps for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med 2013;45:732–6.
[85]
Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tob Control 2011;20:327–37.
[86]
European
Parliament
and
the
Council
of
the
European
Union.
Directive 2014/40/EU of
the European Parliament and
the Council
of 3 April 2014 on
the approximation of
the
laws,
regulations
and
administrative
provisions
of
the member
states
concerning
the
manufacture,
presentation
and
sale
of
tobacco
and
related
pro-
ducts
and
repealing
directive
2001/37/EC.
European Commission
Web
site.
http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/ dir_201440_en.pdf.
[87]
Wakefield M, Bayly M, Durkin S, Cotter T, Mullin S, Warne C. Smokers’ responses to television advertisements about the serious harms of tobacco use: pre-testing results from 10 low- to middle- income countries. Tob Control 2013;22:24–31.
[88]
Blecher E. The impact of tobacco advertising bans on consumption in developing countries. J Health Econ 2008;27:930–42.
[89]
Introduction
of
tobacco
plain
packaging
in
Australia.
Australian
Government
Department
of
Health
Web
site.
http://www. health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco- plain.
Accessed
August
19,
2014.
[90]
Young JM, Stacey I, Dobbins TA, Dunlop S, Dessaix AL, Currow DC. Association between tobacco plain packaging and quitline calls: a population-based, interrupted time-series analysis. Med J Aust 2014;200:29–32.
[91]
Scollo M, Bayly M, Wakefield M. Availability of illicit tobacco in small retail outlets before and after the implementation of Aus- tralian plain packaging legislation. Tob Control 2015;24:e45–51.
[92]
United
Kingdom
to
introduce
plain
packaging
on
tobacco
packs.
World Health
Organization
Regional
Office
for
Europe Web
site.
http://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/united-kingdom-of- great-britain-and-northern-ireland/news/news/2015/03/united- kingdom-to-introduce-plain-packaging-on-tobacco-packs.
Accessed May
4,
2015
[93]
WHO technical manual on tobacco tax administration. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
[94]
IARC
handbooks
of
cancer
prevention,
tobacco
control.
Vol.
14,
Effectiveness
of
tax
and
price
policies
for
tobacco
control.
Lyon,
France:
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer;
2011.
[95]
Blecher E, van Walbeek CP. An international analysis of cigarette affordability. Tob Control 2004;13:339–46.
[96]
Blecher E, Ross H, Stoklosa M. Lessons learned from cigarette tax harmonisation in the European Union. Tob Control 2014;23: e12–4.
[97]
Golden SD, Ribisl KM, Perreira KM. Economic and political influ- ence on tobacco tax rates: a nationwide analysis of 31 years of state data. Am J Public Health 2014;104:350–7.
[98]
Drope J, Chavez JJ, Lencucha R, McGrady B. The political economy of foreign direct investment—evidence from the Philippines. Poli- cy Soc 2014;33:39–52.
[99]
Wysokos´c´ stawki kształtuje rynek. Podat Rap Branz˙ 2007;123:c1.
[100]
Looking back at
the
tobacco
lobbying battle: Philip Morris’ allies
in
the European Parliament. Corporate Europe Observatory Web site.
http://corporateeurope.org/power-lobbies/2014/05/looking- back-tobacco-lobbying-battle-philip-morris-allies-european- parliament.
Accessed
September
3,
2014.
[101]
Gruszczynski L. Trade, investment and risk: Australian plain packaging law, international litigations and regulatory chilling effect. Eur J Risk Regul 2014;2:242–7.[102]
Lencucha R, Drope J. Plain packaging: an opportunity for im- proved international policy coherence? Health Promot Int 2013:dat038.
[103]
Al-hamdani Mohammed. Commentary: the global tobacco liti- gation initiative: an effort to protect developing countries from big tobacco. J Public Health Policy 2014;35:162–70.
[104]
Alderman J, Daynard RA. Applying lessons from tobacco litigation to obesity lawsuits. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:82–8.[105]
Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: FCTC/COP/ 6/10. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
[106]
Printz C. Regulating e-cigarettes: a rule proposed by the FDA aims to extend authority to e-cigarettes, other tobacco products. Cancer 2014;120:2069–71.E U R O P E A N
U R O L O G Y
F O C U S
1
( 2 0 1 5
)
3 – 1 6
15